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Geographic Statistics

Population:听 37,806,989 (official estimate as of November 17, 2019. See听 for realtime estimates.)
Total land area: 9,984,670 square kilometers (includes freshwater areas)
Total freshwater area: 891,163听km square kilometers
Coastline: 202,080 kilometers (estimate)
Capital city: Ottawa, Ontario
Geographical coordinates: 60掳 00 N, 95掳 00 W
Bordering nations: United States of America (southern land border plus northwestern land border with Alaska for a total land border length听of 8,893 kilometers), Greenland/Denmark (sea border, via Arctic Ocean), St. Pierre and Miquelon, France (sea border, via Atlantic Ocean)
Largest city: Toronto, Ontario

Name

The name “Canada” is said to be derived from the Huron-Iroquois word Kanata, meaning “village” or “settlement.” According to traditional lore, the name became common among Europeans during the听early colonial period and is rooted in a misunderstanding by French explorer Jacques Cartier (1491鈥�1557), who believed it to be the traditional aboriginal name of the lands he had discovered.

From 1867 to the early 1950s, Canada was often known as the “Dominion of Canada,” in acknowledgement of its status as a self-governing colony听under听the British Monarchy, which the British called听“dominions.”听As Canada became more independent of British rule the title of “dominion” became increasingly unpopular, and was slowly phased out of official use in both Canada and the United Kingdom in the decades following World War II (1939-1945).

Official Logos

The Government of Canada uses very specific branding on all their official signs and logos. The official logo of Canada, known as the Canada Wordmark, is the word “Canada” with a small Canadian flag over the “a” (seen above). Any text on official Canadian signage is written in the Helvetica font. The shade of red in the flag, which the government calls FIP Red, is always Pantone 032, or hex colour code #ff0000. Full details can be found in the Government’s听.

Name Codes

Names of places in Canada have abbreviations, or codes, that have been standardized under both Canadian law, and the regulations of the (ISO) 鈥� specifically,听 (Parts 1, 2, and 3). These are used in both foreign and domestic contexts, including mail, maps, and government documents.

Canada’s standard two-letter code is CA, and its standard three-letter code is CAN. The country’s numeric code is 124. All of Canada’s provinces have two-letter codes as well (see sidebar).

Time听and Dates

Canadian Time

Canadian clocks use the 鈥�12-hour鈥� model (1:00 am to 12 noon, followed by 1:00 pm to 12 midnight) rather than 24-hour time.

Canada spans six time zones, Pacific听(PT), Mountain听(MT), Central听(CT), Eastern听(ET), Atlantic听(AT) and Newfoundland听(NT). Right now, the time in Canada鈥檚 major cities is:

(The unusual Newfoundland time zone adds a mere 30 minutes to Atlantic/Halifax time.)

Every Canadian province and territory except Saskatchewan practices Daylight Savings. On the second Sunday in March, all Canadian clocks are set ahead one hour (鈥渟pring forward鈥�), while on the first Sunday in November they are set听back an hour (鈥渇all back鈥�). During that听November to March period, Canada is said to be on Standard Time (also known as “Winter Time”); from March to November it’s on Daylight Time (“Summer Time”).

The official time of Canada, according to the federal government, is set by the atomic clocks of the听National Research Council. It is recorded in 24-hour Eastern Time. The government maintains a phone number which endlessly recites the official time:听1-613-745-1576.

The Canadian Calendar

Canadians are taught that the week begins on Sunday, and will usually record dates in the MM/DD/YY format, for example, 7/12/10 for July 12, 2010.

Canadians ceremonially celebrate the beginning of a new calendar year on January 1 (“New Year’s Day“), with the last day of the year being December 31 (“New Year’s Eve“) but businesses and the government may measure the start and end of the year differently. This is known as a “fiscal year.” Canadian banks generally regard the fiscal year as lasting from November 1 to October 31. The fiscal year of the Canadian federal government runs from听April 1 to March 31. Canadians file their taxes in accordance with the federal fiscal calendar, with tax filing deadline in most circumstances being April 30.

Electricity in Canada

Over 60% of Canadian electricity is created by hydroelectric power plants, which convert the force of naturally flowing or falling water into mechanical energy to power turbines. The remaining 40% is produced mostly by coal-burning power plants or nuclear fission ones.

Electricity produced in Canada is distributed through what is known as the Integrated North American Transmission Grid, which allows Canadian provinces and American states to share and trade electricity through multiple cross-border transmission interconnection points. Electricity in North America is actually one of the most interconnected aspects of the Canada-U.S. relationship, and essentially transcends either country鈥檚 sovereignty. It is largely regulated by the non-profit听. The provinces of British Columbia and Alberta are part of the Grid鈥檚 Western Interconnect, while all other provinces are part of the Eastern Interconnect.

Canadian outlets (see sidebar) release electricity at 120v/60hz. Certain Canadian video devices, such as analog televisions, VCRs, DVD players, camcorders, and video game consoles operate using NTSC technology, which is also used in the United States, most of South America, and Japan. This means that analog video devices from those countries will work in Canada, but ones from Europe, and most other countries (who use the rival “PAL” system), will not. More modern digital video devices do not generally operate within the NTSC/PAL system, and can be usually used anywhere in the world as a result.

Measurements in Canada

Officially, Canada uses the metric system, but in practice, the system is only half-obeyed. When the federal government began passing policies to听“metricate” the country in the late-1970s, the decision was fairly controversial and many Canadians resisted the change, which has ensured the survival of the old imperial (or “customary“) system in many day-to-day aspects of Canadian life.

All of Canada鈥檚 street signs and maps are marked in kilometers, but Canadians still commonly measure small lengths and weights in pounds and feet. Grocery stores still openly sell bulk foods by the pound, exercise weights come in pounds, fabric is sold in yards, real estate agents measure homes in square feet, and it would be very rare to meet a Canadian who did not think of his own height and weight in imperial units. Most weather forecasts and thermometers still note temperatures in both Fahrenheit and Celsius, and most Canadian tape measures and rulers will have markings in both systems. A found most Canadians use a somewhat arbitrary mix of both systems in their day-to-day lives.

Canadian clothing, including shoes, is sold in U.S. sizes, which are also based on the imperial system.听 Canada also uses the U.S. system for standard听paper and photograph sizes, which are slightly different from those used in most other countries. A “letter” sized piece of paper in Canada is 8.5 by 11 inches, while a “legal” sized piece of paper is 8.5 by 14. Photographs are usually printed in 4 by 6, 5 by 7, or 8 by 10 inches, and most frames will be sold in these sizes.

Communications in Canada

For information on Canadian newspapers, television stations and the like, see the chapter on Canadian news and media.

Nearly 100 per cent of Canadians own telephones and the country currently uses 4G as its mobile phone communication standard. Canada is part of the telephone system, which means Canadian phone numbers are 10 digits long, with the first three numbers being the area code, for example: (604) 555-1234. Most of the larger provinces will have several different area codes for their various regions. Canada鈥檚 international country code is simply听1 (or 001 if three digits are required), the same as the United States. Canada’s international exit code, often used for making long distance calls outside North America, is 011.

The vast majority of Canadians are Internet users, and it鈥檚 been reported that Canadians spend more time online than any other country on Earth. The Canadian URL suffix is .ca, and is widely used by both government and private websites. Control of the .ca suffix is managed by the (CIRA) who have a policy of听only granting use of the suffix to organizations with ties to Canada.

Access to certain media online, particularly streaming services, can be limited in Canada due to copyright and rights-holding arrangements with Canadian distributors. A computer connected to the internet under a Canadian IP address may have some difficulty accessing media in other parts of the world, as will a computer connected to a non-Canadian IP address who seeks to access certain Canadian media online.

Most of Canada鈥檚 mail is delivered by a government-owned corporation known as , but private couriers also exist and are generally more common for business use. Every Canadian residence or business has a six-character postal code听(or zip code) that alternates between letters and numbers, for example: V3K 2L1. The first letter in a Canadian postal code correlates with a of Canada, beginning with “A” in Newfoundland and then progressing through the rest of the alphabet as you move west. Canada Post offers a flat rate for sending letters within Canada, but rates for shipping packages within the country can vary depending on weight.

To the extent anyone still watches them, Canadians use听region 1 DVDs, just like in the United States.

Broadcasting and Shortwave Radio

Canada is part of the United Nations’听International Telecommunication Union (ITU) terrestrial broadcasting听, which consists of all of North America,听South America, the Caribbean, and the Argentine, British, and Chilean claims in Antartica. Canada spans multiple geographic ITU zones, with the most heavily-inhabited parts of Canada falling under zone 6 (west), zone 7 (central), or zone 8 (east). The Atlantic provinces are in zone 9, while northern parts of the provinces are in zones 2, 3, 4,听with a small part of the country’s extreme northern arctic听being part of Zone 75.

Canada’s radio spectrum is generally allocated in similar fashion to most other industrialized countries. Allocation of specific radio frequencies is set听by the听 (CRTC).

For 67 years, the Government of Canada used to maintain a shortwave news and information radio station known as Radio Canada International (RCI), but it was on October 31, 2012, reflecting the dwindling influence of shortwave radio in the internet age. Today, a modified version of RCI exists as a multilingual , run by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). It provides news and analysis on Canadian and global affairs in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic.

The Government of Canada continues to maintain an Ottawa-based known by the call letters CHU. It does nothing except endlessly broadcast the official Canadian time (see above). It can be picked up on three HF spectrum frequencies: 3.330 kHz, 7.850 kHz, and 14.670 kHz.

Emergency Broadcasts in Canada

The Pelmorex corporation runs a cross-Canada public service known as the , or NAAD. When some law enforcement agency or government department 鈥� either at the federal, provincial, or municipal level 鈥� believes there is a massive emergency in their area, such as a natural disaster or terrorist attack, they can use NAAD to blast out a warning through any media outlet that has chosen to be part of the system. This presently includes most Canadian TV and radio stations and most major cellphone networks.

In addition to warnings about natural disasters or terrorism, NAAD also broadcasts AMBER Alerts in cases 鈥渨hen a child has been abducted and it is believed that his/her life is in grave danger.鈥� Canadians can also opt-in to a free AMBER Alert texting service, care of a program known as .

Weather alerts, including warnings of severe or dangerous weather conditions, are released by Environment Canada’s Meteorological Service both and through an radio service known as . Weatheradio alerts are broadcast through seven radio frequencies on the Very High Frequency (VHF) public service band (and occasionally, FM frequencies as well), with used for different parts of the country. An alternative is to simply buy a weather radio receiver, which is a special device that receives and broadcasts weather alerts from Environment Canada, including customized alerts for your specific area. Canadian and American weather radios are part of the same weather broadcast system and can thus be used in either country.

Communication for Canadians with Disabilities

Hearing-impaired people in Canada communicate using ASL (American Sign Language). ASL translators are not generally common at public functions in Canada, and television broadcasts usually rely on closed-captioning, rather than ASL instant-translations.

Blind Canadians use the contracted braille system, featuring raised dots, to read. Braille is often used on public signage for things like elevators or building directories. Canadian paper money also features braille, to help the blind tell the different bills apart.